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swift编程语言入门介绍

作者:佚名    责任编辑:admin    更新时间:2022-06-22

   swift是什么?

  swift是苹果于wwdc 2014发布的编程语言,这里引用the swift programming language的原话:

  swift is a new programming language for ios and os x apps that builds on the best of c and objective-c without the constraints of c compatibility.

  swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier more flexible and more fun.

  swift’s clean slate backed by the mature and much-loved cocoa and cocoa touch frameworks is an opportunity to imagine how software development works.

  swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.

swift编程语言入门介绍 三联

  简单的说:

  swift用来写ios和os x程序。(估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统)

  swift吸取了c和objective-c的优点,且更加强大易用。

  swift可以使用现有的cocoa和cocoa touch框架。

  swift兼具编译语言的高性能(performance)和脚本语言的交互性(interactive)。

  swift语言概览

  基本概念

  注:这一节的代码源自the swift programming language中的a swift tour。

  hello world

  类似于脚本语言,下面的代码即是一个完整的swift程序。

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  println(" hello world" )

  变量与常量

  swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。

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  var myvariable = 42

  myvariable = 50

  let myconstant = 42

  类型推导

  swift支持类型推导(type inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,如果需要指定类型:

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  let explicitdouble : double = 70

  swift不支持隐式类型转换(implicitly casting),所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换(explicitly casting):

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  let label = " the width is "

  let width = 94

  let width = label + string(width)

  字符串格式化

  swift使用(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:

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  let apples = 3

  let oranges = 5

  let applesummary = " i have (apples) apples."

  let applesummary = " i have (apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."

  数组和字典

  swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):

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  var shoppinglist = [" catfish" " water" " tulips" " blue paint" ]

  shoppinglist[1] = " bottle of water"

  var occupations = [

  " malcolm" : " captain"

  " kaylee" : " mechanic"

  ]

  occupations[" jayne" ] = " public relations"

  一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:

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  let emptyarray = string[]()

  let emptydictionary = dictionary< string float> ()

  如果类型信息已知,则可以使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。

  控制流

  概览

  swift的条件语句包含if和switch,循环语句包含for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/判断条件不需要括号,但循环/判断体(body)必需括号:

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  let individualscores = [75 43 103 87 12]

  var teamscore = 0

  for score in individualscores {

  if score > 50 {

  teamscore += 3

  } else {

  teamscore += 1

  }

  }

  可空类型

  结合if和let,可以方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,需要在类型声明后添加?显式标明该类型可空。

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  var optionalstring: string? = " hello"

  optionalstring == nil

  var optionalname: string? = " john appleseed"

  var gretting = " hello!"

  if let name = optionalname {

  gretting = " hello (name)"

  }

  灵活的switch

  swift中的switch支持各种各样的比较操作:

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  let vegetable = " red pepper"

  switch vegetable {

  case " celery" :

  let vegetablecomment = " add some raisins and make ants on a log."

  case " cucumber" " watercress" :

  let vegetablecomment = " that would make a good tea sandwich."

  case let x where x.hassuffix(" pepper" ):

  let vegetablecomment = " is it a spicy (x)?"

  default:

  let vegetablecomment = " everything tastes good in soup."

  }

  其它循环

  for-in除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典:

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  let interestingnumbers = [

  " prime" : [2 3 5 7 11 13]

  " fibonacci" : [1 1 2 3 5 8]

  " square" : [1 4 9 16 25]

  ]

  var largest = 0

  for (kind numbers) in interestingnumbers {

  for number in numbers {

  if number > largest {

  largest = number

  }

  }

  }

  largest

  while循环和do-while循环:

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  var n = 2

  while n < 100 {

  n = n 2

  }

  n

  var m = 2

  do {

  m = m 2

  } while m < 100

  m

  swift支持传统的for循环,此外也可以通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现同样的逻辑。

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  var firstforloop = 0

  for i in 0..3 {

  firstforloop += i

  }

  firstforloop

  var secondforloop = 0

  for var i = 0 i < 3 ++i {

  secondforloop += 1

  }

  secondforloop

  注意:swift除了..还有...:..生成前闭后开的区间,而...生成前闭后闭的区间。

  函数和闭包

  函数

  swift使用func关键字声明函数:

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  func greet(name: string day: string) -> string {

  return " hello (name) today is (day)."

  }

  greet(" bob" " tuesday" )

  通过元组(tuple)返回多个值:

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  func getgasprices() -> (double double double) {

  return (3.59 3.69 3.79)

  }

  getgasprices()

  支持带有变长参数的函数:

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  func sumof(numbers: int...) -> int {

  var sum = 0

  for number in numbers {

  sum += number

  }

  return sum